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Index Of the Book

 

1. CEMENT 1–26

• General 1
• Early History of Modern Cement 2
• Manufacture of Portland Cement 5
• Wet Process 6
• Dry Process 9
• Chemical Composition 14
• Hydration of Cement 17
• Heat of Hydration 18
• Calcium Silicate Hydrates 19
• Calcium Hydroxide 20
• Calcium Aluminate Hydrates 21
• Structure of Hydrated Cement 22
• Transition Zone 22
• Water Requirements for Hydration 25

2. TYPES OF CEMENT AND TESTING OF CEMENT 27-65

• Types of Cement Types of Cement 28 Types of Cement
• ASTM Classification 28
• Ordinary Portland Cement 29
• Rapid Hardening Cement 30
• Extra Rapid Hardening Cement 30
• Sulphate Resisting Cement 31
• Portland Slag Cement 31
• Application of GGBS Concrete 33
• Quick Setting Cement 33
• Super Sulphated Cement 34
• Low Heat Cement 34
• Portland Pozzolana Cement 35
• Advantages of PPC 36
• Grading of PPC 37
• Application 37
• Air-Entraining Cement 37
• Coloured Cement 38
• Hydrophobic Cement 39
• Masonry Cement 39
• Expansive Cement 40
• IRS-T40 Special Grade Cement 40
• Oil-Well Cement 41
• Rediset Cement 41
• CONTENTS
• (xii)
• Properties of Rediset 41
• Applications 42
• High Alumina Cement 42
• Hydration of High Alumina Cement 42
• High Alumina Cement Concrete 43
• Refractory Concrete 44
• Very High Strength Cement 45
• Macro-defect free Cement 45
• Densely Packed System 45
• Pressure Densification and Warm Pressing 45
• High Early Strength Cement 46
• Pyrament Cement 46
• Magnesium Phosphate Cement 46
• Testing of Cement Testing of Cement 47 Testing of Cement
• Field Testing 47
• Fineness Test 48
• Sieve Test 49
• Air Permeability Method 49
• Standard Consistency Test 50
• Setting Time Test 50
• Initial Setting Time 52
• Final Setting Time 53
• Strength Test 53
• Soundness Test 54
• Heat of Hydration 55
• Chemical Composition Test 56
• Test Certificate 56

3. AGGREGATES AND TESTING OF AGGREGATES 66-118

• General 66
• Classification 67
• Source 67
• Aggregates from Igneous Rocks 68
• Aggregates from Sedimentary Rocks 68
• Aggregates from Metamorphic Rocks 68
• Size 69
• Shape 70
• Texture 73
• Measurement of Surface Texture 74
• Strength 74
• Aggregate Crushing Value 75
• Aggregate Impact Value 76
• Aggregate Abrasion Value 76
• Deval Attrition Test 76
• Dorry Abrasion Test 76
• Los Angeles Test 77
• Modulus of Elasticity 77
• Bulk Density 78
• (xiii)
• Specific Gravity 78
• Absorption and Moisture Content 78
• Bulking of Aggregate 80
• Measurement of Moisture Content of Aggregates 81
• Drying Method 82
• Displacement Method 82
• Calcium Carbide Method 82
• Electrical Meter Method 82
• Automatic Measurement 82
• Cleanliness 83
• Soundness of Aggregate 85
• Alkali-Aggregate Reaction 85
• Factors Promoting Alkali-Aggregate Reaction 86
• High Alkali Content in Cement 88
• Availability of Moisture 89
• Temperature Condition 89
• Mechanism of Deterioration of Concrete 89
• Control of Alkali Aggregate Reaction 89
• Thermal Properties 90
• Grading of Aggregates 91
• Sieve Analysis 93
• Combining Aggregates to obtain Specified Gradings 94
• Specific Surface and Surface Index 96
• Standard Grading Curve 100
• Crushed Sand 105
• Gap Grading 107
• Testing of Aggregates 107 Testing of Aggregates
• Test for Determination of Flakiness Index 107
• Test for Determination of Elongation Index 109
• Test for Determination of Clay and Fine Silt 110
• Test for Determination of Organic Impurities 111
• Test for Determination of Specific Gravity 112
• Test for Bulk Density and Voids 112
• Mechanical Properties of Aggregates 113
• Test for Aggregate Crushing Value 113
• Test for “Ten per cent Fines” Value 114
• Test for Aggregate Impact Value 114
• Test for Aggregate Abrasion Value 115

4. WATER 119-123

• Qualities of Water 119
• Use of Sea Water for Mixing Concrete 122

5. ADMIXTURES AND CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS 124-217

• General 124
• Admimxtures 125
• Construction Chemicals 126
• Plasticizers (Water Reducers) 126
• (xiv)
• Action of Plasticizers 128
• Dispersion 128
• Retarding Effect 128
• Superplasticizers (High Range Water Reducers) 129
• Classification of Superplasticizer 130
• Effect of Superplasticizers on Fresh Concrete 131
• Compatibility of Superplasticizers and Cement 131
• Factors Effecting Workability 136
• Type of Superplasticizers 136
• Dosage 136
• Mix Composition 137
• Variability in Cement Composition 137
• Mixing Procedure 137
• Equipment 138
• Site Problems in the use of Superplasticizers 138
• Slump Loss 140
• Steps for Reducing Slump Loss 140
• Other Potential Problems 142
• Effect of Superplasticizers on the Properties of Hardened Concrete 143
• New Generation Superplasticizers 144
• Carboxylated Acrylic Ester (CAE) 144
• Multicarboxylatether (MCE) 147
• Retarders 148
• Retarding Plasticizers 149
• Accelerators 149
• Accelerating Plasticizers 158
• Air-entraining Admixtures 158
• Air-entraining Agents 159
• Factors Affecting Amount of Air-entrainment 159
• The Effect of Air-entrainment on the Properties of Concrete 160
• Resistance to Freezing and Thawing 161
• Effect on Workability 162
• Effect on Strength 163
• Effect on Segregation and Bleeding 166
• Effect on Permeability 169
• Effect on Chemical Resistance 169
• Effect on Sand, Water and Cement Content 169
• Unit Weight 170
• Alkali Aggregate Reaction 170
• Modulus of Elasticity 170
• Abrasion Resistance 170
• Optimum Air Content in Concrete 171
• Measurement of Air Content 171
• Gravimetric Method 171
• Volumetric Method 173
• Pressure Method 173
• The Water Type Meter 173
• Pozzolanic or Mineral Admixtures 174
• (xv)
• Pozzolanic Materials 175
• Natural Pozzolans 175
• Artificial Pozzolans 175
• Fly Ash 176
• Effect of Fly Ash on Fresh Concrete 179
• Effect of Fly Ash on Hardened Concrete 180
• Durability of Concrete 180
• High Volume Fly Ash Concrete (HVFA) 180
• Properties of (HVFA) Fresh Concrete 181
• Bleeding and Setting Time 181
• Heat of Hydration 182
• Curing of (HVFA) Concrete 182
• Mechanical Properties of (HVFA) Concrete 182
• Durability of (HVFA) Concrete 182
• Use of High Volume Fly Ash 183
• Silica Fume 183
• Indian Scenario 184
• Available Forms 184
• Pozzolanic Action 185
• Influence on Fresh Concrete 185
• Influence on Hardened Concrete 186
• Mixing 186
• Curing 186
• Rice Husk Ash 186
• Surkhi 187
• Metakaolin 188
• Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) 189
• Performance of GGBS in Concrete 191
• Fresh Concrete 191
• Hardened Concrete 191
• Damp-Proofing and Water-Proofing Admixtures 192
• Gas Forming Agents 193
• Air-Detraining Agents 194
• Alkali Aggregate Expansion Inhibitors 194
• Workability Agents 195
• Grouting Agents 195
• Corrosion Inhibiting Agents 196
• Bonding Admixtures 196
• Fungicidal, Germicidal and Insecticidal Admixtures 196
• Colouring Agents 197
• Miscellaneous Admixtures 197
• Damp-proofers 197
• Construction Chemicals 198
• Membrane Forming Curing Compounds 200
• Drying Behaviour 201
• Types of Curing Compounds 201
• Application Procedure 201
• General Characteristics 202
• (xvi)
• Water Retention Test 203
• Polymer Bonding Agents 204
• Polymer Modified Mortar for Repair and Maintenance 204
• Mould Releasing Agents 205
• Installation Aids 205
• Floor Hardners and Dust Proofers 206
• Non-Shrink High Strength Grout 207
• Surface Retarders 207
• Bond Aid for Plastering 208
• Ready to use Plaster 208
• Guniting Aid 208
• Construction Chemicals for Waterproofing 209
• Integral Waterproofing Compound 210
• Acrylic Based Polymer Coatings 210
• Mineral Based Polymer Modified Coatings 211
• Protective and Decorative Coatings 212
• Chemical DPC 212
• Waterproofing Adhesives for Tile, Marble and Granite 213
• Silicone based Water Repellant Materials 214
• Injection Grout for Cracks 214
• Joint Sealants 215
• Concrete Repair Systems 215
• Stages for Repair Works 215

6. FRESH CONCRETE 218-297

• Workability 219
• Factors Affecting Workability 220
• Water Content 220
• Mix Proportions 220
• Size of Aggregate 221
• Shape of Aggregate 221
• Surface Texture 221
• Grading of Aggregate 221
• Use of Admixture 221
• Measurement of Workability 222
• Slump Test 222
• K-Slump Tester 224
• Remarks 227
• Compacting Factor Test 227
• Flow Test 228
• Flow Table Apparatus 229
• Accessory Procedure 230
• Kelly Ball Test 231
• Vee Bee Consistometer Test 232
• Segregation 233
• Bleeding 234
• Method of Test for Bleeding 236
• (xvii)
• Setting Time of Concrete 236
• Process of Manufacture of Concrete 238
• Batching 238
• Volume Batching 238
• Weigh Batching 240
• Measurement of Water 241
• Mixing 241
• Hand Mixing 242
• Machine Mixing 242
• Mixing Time 245
• Retempering 246
• Maintenance of Mixer 247
• Transporting 247
• Mortar Pan 247
• Wheel Barrow 248
• Crane Bucket and Ropeway 249
• Truck Mixer and Dumper 249
• Belt Conveyors 249
• Chute 249
• Skip and Hoist 249
• Transit Mixer 250
• Pumps and Pipeline 251
• Development of Concrete Pump 251
• Concrete Pumps 251
• Types of valve 252
• Pipeline and Couplings 252
• Laying the Pipeline 253
• Capabilities of Concrete Pump 253
• Pumpable Concrete 254
• Design Consideration 255
• Choosing Correct Pump 256
• Common Problems 258
• Clearing Blockages 259
• Placing Concrete 259
• Form Work 261
• Stripping Time 261
• Under Water Concreting 262
• Compaction of Concrete 265
• Hand Compaction 266
• Compaction by Vibration 267
• Internal Vibrator 268
• Formwork Vibrator 268
• Table Vibrator 269
• Platform Vibrator 269
• Surface Vibrator 269
• Compaction by Pressure and Jolting 269
• Compaction by Spinning 269
• Vibratory Roller 269
• (xviii)
• General Points on Using Vibrators 270
• Further Instructions on use of Vibrators 270
• Height of Concrete Layer 271
• Depth of Immersion of Vibrator 271
• Spacing and Number of Insertion Positions 272
• Speed of Insertion 272
• Duration of Vibration 273
• Vibrating Concrete at Junctions 273
• Vibrating Reinforced Concrete 273
• Vibrating Near the Form Work 273
• Vibrating High Walls and Columns 276
• Over Vibration 276
• Output of Immersion Vibrations 276
• Revibration 276
• Vibration of Light-weight Concrete 277
• Curing of Concrete 277
• Curing methods 279
• Water curing 279
• Membrane curing 280
• Application of Heat 281
• Steam curing 282
• High Pressure Steam curing 287
• Curing by Infra-red Radiation 288
• Electrical curing 289
• Miscellaneous Methods of Curing 289
• When to Start Curing 289
• Finishing 291
• Formwork Finishes 291
• Surface Treatment 292
• Exposed Aggregate Finish 293
• Bush Hammering 293
• Applied Finish 293
• Miscellaneous Finish 294
• Wear Resistant Floor Finish 294
• Requirement of a Good Finish 295
• Grinding and Polishing 295
• Craziness 295
• Whisper Concrete Finish 296

7. STRENGTH OF CONCRETE 298-324

• General 298
• Water / Cement Ratio 299
• Gel / Space Ratio 301
• Gain of Strength with Age 303
• Accelerated Curing Test 306
• Maturity Concept of Concrete 306
• Effect of Maximum Size of Aggregate 311
• (xix)
• Relation between Compressive and Tensile Strength 311
• Centre Point and Third Point Loading 314
• Bond Strength 315
• Aggregate Cement Bond Strength 316
• High Strength Concrete 318
• Seeding 319
• Revibration 319
• High Speed Slurry Mixing 319
• Use of Admixture 319
• Inhibition of Cracks 319
• Sulphur Impregnation 319
• Use of Cementitious Aggregate 319
• Ultra High Strength Concrete 319
• Compaction by Pressure 319
• Helical Binding 320
• Polymer Concrete 320
• Reactive Powder Concrete 320
• High-Performance Concrete (HPC) 321
• Aggregates for HPC 322

8. ELASTICITY, CREEP AND SHRINKAGE 325-348

• Elastic Properties of Aggregate 325
• Relation between Modulus of Elasticity and Strength 328
• Factors Affecting Modulus of Elasticity 329
• Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity 331
• Poison’s Ratio 332
• Creep 332
• Rheological Representation of Creep 333
• Macroscopic Rheological Approach 333
• Microscopic Rheological Approach 334
• Hydration under Sustained Load 335
• Measurement of Creep 336
• Factors Affecting Creep 339
• Influence of Aggregate 339
• Influence of Mix Proportions 339
• Influence of Age 339
• Effect of Creep 339
• Shrinkage 340
• Plastic Shrinkage 341
• Drying Shrinkage 343
• Factors Affecting Shrinkage 344
• Moisture Movement 347
• Autogeneous Shrinkage 347
• Carbonation Shrinkage 347

9. DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 349-419

• General 349
• Strength and Durability Relationship 350
• (xx)
• Volume Change in Concrete 352
• Definition of Durability 352
• Significance of Durability 352
• Impact of W/C Ratio on Durability 353
• Permeability 354
• Permeability of Cement Paste 354
• Permeability of Concrete 356
• Interaction between Permeability, Volume Change and Cracking 357
• Factors Contributing to Cracks in Concrete 361
• Plastic Shrinkage Cracks 361
• Settlement Cracks 362
• Bleeding 362
• Delayed Curing 362
• Constructional Effects 363
• Early Frost Damage 363
• Unsound Materials 364
• Shrinkage 364
• Drying Shrinkage 365
• Thermal Shrinkage 365
• Thermal Conductivity 367
• Thermal Diffusivity 368
• Specific Heat 370
• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 370
• Mass Concrete 372
• Thermal Expansion and Shrinkage 373
• Extensibility 375
• Joints in Concrete 376
• Construction Joints 376
• Expansion Joints 376
• Contraction Joints 379
• Isolation Joints 381
• Concrete Subjected to High Temperature 382
• Fire Resistance 382
• Freezing and Thawing 383
• Deicing Effects of Salts 387
• Moisture Movements 387
• Transition Zone 387
• Biological Process 388
• Structural Design Defficiencies 388
• Chemical Action 389
• Sulphate Attack 389
• Methods of Controlling Sulphate Attack 390
• Use of Sulphate Resisting Cement 390
• Quality of Concrete 390
• Use of Air-entrainment 390
• Use of Pozzolana 390
• High Pressure Steam Curing 390
• Use of High Alumina Cement 390
• (xxi)
• Alkali-Aggregate Reaction 394
• Acid Attack 395
• Concrete in Sea Water 396
• Carbonation 398
• Rate of Carbonation 398
• Measurement of Depth of Carbonation 400
• Chloride Attack 400
• Corrosion of Steel (Chloride Induced) 402
• Corrosion Control 404
• Metallurgical Methods 405
• Corrosion Inhibitors 405
• Coatings to Reinforcement 406
• Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coating 407
• Galvanised Reinforcement 408
• Cathodic Protection 408
• Coatings to Concrete 408
• Design and Detailing 409
• Nominal Cover to Reinforcement 409
• Crack Width 411
• Deterioration of Concrete by Abrasion, Erosion and Cavitation 411
• Effects of Some Materials on Durability 412
• Action of Mineral Oils 412
• Action of Organic Acids 412
• Vegetables and Animal Oils and Fats 412
• Action of Sugar on Concrete 413
• Action of Sewage 413
• Surface Treatments of Concrete 413
• Maximum Cement Content 415
• Concluding Remarks on Durability 418

10. TESTING OF HARDENED CONCRETE 420-457

• Compression Test 421
• Moulds 422
• Compacting 422
• Compaction by Hand 423
• Compaction by Vibration 423
• Capping Specimens 424
• Neat cement 424
• Cement mortar 424
• Sulphur 424
• Hard plaster 425
• Curing 425
• Making and Curing Compression Test Specimen in the Field 425
• Failure of Compression Specimen 425
• Effect of Height / Diameter Ratio on Strength 427
• Comparison between Cube and Cylinder Strength 428
• Flexural Strength of Concrete 428
• Determination of Tensile Strength 429
• (xxii)
• Procedure 431
• Placing of Specimen in the Testing Machine 431
• Indirect Tension Test Methods 433
• Ring Tension Test 434
• Advantage of ring tension test 434
• Limitations of ring tension test 434
• Double Punch Test 434
• Factors Influencing the Strength Results 435
• Test Cores 436
• Strength of cores 437
• Non-Destructive Testing Methods 437
• Schmidt’s Rebound Hammer 439
• Limitation 439
• Rebound number and strength of concrete 440
• Penetration Techniques 441
• Pullout test 444
• Dynamic or Vibration Method 444
• Resonant Frequency Method 445
• Usefulness of resonant frequency method 445
• Pulse Velocity Method 446
• Techniques of measuring pulse velocity through concrete 447
• Factors affecting the measurement of pulse velocity 447
• Smoothness of contact surace under test 447
• Influence of path length on pulse velocity 448
• Temperature of concrete 448
• Moisture condition of concrete 448
• Presence of reinforcement 448
• Accuracy of measurement 449
• Applications 449
• Establishing uniformity of Concrete 449
• Establishing acceptance criteria 449
• Determination of pulse modulus of clasticity 450
• Estimation of strength of concrete 450
• Determination of setting characteristics of concrete 450
• Studies on durability of concrete 450
• Measurement of deteriration of concrete due to fire exposure 451
• Relationship between Pulse Velocity and Static Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 452
• Combined Methods 452
• Radioactivity Methods 452
• Nuclear Methods 453
• Magnetic Methods 454
• Electrical Methods 454
• Tests on Composition of Hardened Concrete 454
• Determination of Cement Content 454
• Determination of Original w/c Ratio 455
• Physical Method 455
• Accelerated Curing Test 456

11. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 458-503

• General 458
• Concept of Mix Design 459
• Variables in Proportioning 459
• Various Methods of Proportioning 460
• Statistical Quality Control of Concrete 460
• Common Terminologies 461
• Calculation of Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation 463
• Relation between Average Design Strength and Specified Minimum Strength 463
• American Concrete Institute Method of Mix Design 466
• Data to be Collected 466
• Example: ACI Committee 211.1–91 Method 471
• Road Note Number 4 Method 473
• DOE Method of Concrete Mix Design 474
• Example — DOE Method 477
• Concrete Mix Design Procedure for Concrete with Fly-Ash 482
• Example of Mix Design with Fly-Ash with DOE Method 482
• Mix Design for Pumpable Concrete 484
• Example: Basic Design Calculations for a Pumpable Concrete Mix 488
• Indian Standard Recommended Method of Concrete Mix Design 489
• Illustrative Example of Concrete Mix Design 495
• Rapid Method 498
• Steps of Mix Design based on rapid method 499
• Sampling and Acceptance Criteria 500
• Frequency of Sampling 500
• Test Specimen 501
• Test Results 501
• Acceptance Criteria 502
• Compressive Strength 502
• Flexural Strength 502
• Inspection and Testing of Structures 502
• Core Test 502
• Load Test for Flexural Member 502
• Non-destructive Test 503

12. SPECIAL CONCRETE AND CONCRETING METHODS 504-607

• Special concrete 504
• Light-weight concrete 506
• Pumice 506
• Diatomite 507
• Scoria 507
• Volcanic Cinders 507
• Saw Dust 507
• Rice Husk 507
• Brick Bats 508
• Cinder, Clinker and Breeze 508
• Foamed Slag 508
• Bloated Clay 509
• Sintered Fly Ash 509
• (xxiv)
• Exfoliated Vermiculite 509
• Expanded Perlite 509
• Light-weight Aggregate Concrete 510
• Structural Light-weight Concrete 513
• Workability 513
• Design of Light-weight Aggregate Concrete Mix 514
• Mixing Procedure 514
• Aerated Concrete 514
• Proporties 516
• No-fines Concrete 517
• Mix Proportion 517
• Drying Shrinkage 518
• Thermal Conductivity 519
• Application 519
• High Density Concrete 520
• Types of Radiation Hazards 521
• Shielding Ability of Concrete 521
• Concrete for Radiation Shielding 522
• Sulphur-Infiltrated Concrete 525
• Application 526
• Fibre Reinforced Concrete 526
• Fibres used 527
• Factors Effecting Properties 528
• Relative Fibre Matrix Stiffness 528
• Volume of Fibres 528
• Aspect Ratio of Fibres 529
• Orientation of Fibres 529
• Workability 530
• Size of coarse Aggregate 530
• Mixing 530
• Application 531
• Glass Fibre Reinforced Cement 531
• Current Development in (FRC) 532
• High Fibre Volume Micro-Fibre System 532
• Slurry Infiltrated Fibre Concrete 532
• Compact Reinforced Composites 532
• Polymer Concrete 532
• Type of Polymer Concrete 533
• Polymer Impregnated Concrete 533
• Polymer Cement Concrete 534
• Polymer concrete 534
• Partially Impregnated Concrete 535
• Properties of Polymer Impregnated Concrete 536
• Stress-Strain Relationship 536
• Compressive Strength 536
• Tensil Strength 537
• Creep 539
• Shrinkage due to Polymerisation 539
• Durability 539
• Water Absorption 540
• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 540
• (xxv)
• Resistance to Abrasion 540
• Wear and Skid Resistance 540
• Fracture of Polymer Impregnated Concrete 540
• Application of Polymer Impregnated Concrete 541
• Cold Weather Concreting 542
• Effects of Cold Weather on Concrete 542
• Low Temperature but above 0°C 453
• Low Temperature but below 0°C after Concreting 543
• Temperature Below 0°C at the Time of Concreting 544
• Hardened Concrete Subjected to Freezing and Thawing 544
• Concreting Methods at Sub-zero Temperature 544
• Hot Weather Concreting 552
• Precautions Taken 554
• Aggregates 554
• Water 555
• Production and Delivery 556
• Prepacked Concrete 556
• Vacuum Concrete 558
• Rate of Extraction of Water 558
• Vacuum Dewatered Concrete 560
• Gunite or Shotcrete 562
• Dry-Mix Process 562
• Wet-Mix Process 563
• Advantages of Wet and Dry Process 563
• General Use of Shoterete 563
• Concluding Remarks on Shotcrete 565
• Recent Studies 566
• Ferrocement 566
• Casting Techniques 568
• Hand Plastering 568
• Semi-Mechanised Process 568
• Centrifuging 569
• Guniting 570
• Application 570
• Roller Compacted Concrete 570
• Self compacting Concrete (SCC) 572
• Material for SCC 573
• Example of SCC Mixes 574
• Requirements for self-compacting concrete 575
• Workability Requirement for the fresh SCC 576
• Production and Placing 577
• Mix Design 577
• Test Methods 578
• Slump flow Test 579
• J-ring test 580
• V-Funnel Test 581
• L-Box test method 582
• U-Box Test 583
• Full Box Test 584
• Orimet test 587
• Complexities involved in making SCC 588
• New Generation Plasticizers 589
• Indian Scenario of SCC 590
• (xxvi)
• Experience of Delhi Metro Project 590
• Experience of Mock-up Trials at Tarapur Atomic
• Power Project 591
• Use of SCC Kaiga 592
• Trials at SERC Chennai 594
• Study at Hong Kong 595
• How economical is Self Compacting Concrete 597
• Bacterial Concrete 598
• Experimental Investigations 598
• Zeopolymer Concrete 599
• Basalt fibre concrete and concre reinforced with basalt fibre reinforcements 602
• General Reference Books 608-611
• List of Indian Standard Specifications and Code
• of Pratices, Related to Cement and Concrete 612-616
• Subject Index 617-624